Sudan is the largest country on the African Continent.  It is about 1/4 the size of the United States.  As a former British Colony until 1956, Sudan had been divided into a North and a South Region. Each Region had autonomy in ruling their area.  The North is controlled by a Muslim Arab population while the South is populated by non-Arab and characteristically a  large black Christian population.  The problem occurred after the British  integrated the nation under a single administration and tipped the balance of power.  The North was already the bigger region and implemented  Muslim religion and ideology.  The South was a combination of Christian and various tribal code belief systems.  The South felt that this gave the Muslim Arabs of the North too much power over their life and culture.  In essence, this took away from the autonomy that the locals felt they possessed. In 1946,  the North and South were unified and led to one of the longest wars in human history to be fought out.  Many say that this was a series of wars, where others including myself feel that this is a war that has changed from Muslim Arab control of a country to ethnic cleansing of the black population that occupied the South Region.  The previous wars were merely battles and the original war has never ended and is continuing with increasingly dire consequences today.  Genocide.  Of course peace treaties were signed and the bulk of the fighting subsided., but the "wars" that followed were a result of no permanent resolution from the first war.   The major problems over the entire history of  Sudan since this unification has involved the difference of Arab and Non Arab populations and the preferential treatment  and needs of the Arab population over the indigenous black pastoral society of the South.  The South fought back as rebels, guerrillas, or insurgents.  They have resisted against the Khartoum governrnent policies toward them.

The Southern insurgency, separatists, and other anti-Khartoum groups united to form the Anyanya Guerilla army that frustrated the Khartoum government by planning attacks against government forces and creating separatist pressures on Khartoum. The original plan was to provide a lot of autonomous self rule in the South, but the new administration was leaning against that approach prior to the start of the guerilla war waged from the South.  Sudan's government was unable to extinguish the insurgency and hundreds of thousands were misplaced due to the conflict and close to a half million deaths resulted from the conflict.  The heavy majority of casualties were non-military or rebels.  By 1971 all of the rebels united for the first time of the conflict and acted as a single entity.  The original conflict ended when an agreement was carved out between the newly formed Southern Sudan Liberation Movement and the Khartoum Government.  The South was given  large amounts of self rule that they were to be originally granted.

The suffering in Darfur, Sudan has emaciated an entire people in the Southern Provinces of Sudan.  The killing has been going on for over fifty years and has officially reached the level of Genocide against the non-Arab peoples in the Darfur Region.

The villagers have to flee areas under attack by the  Janjaweed Arab Militia and Sudan Government forces.  The two forces have  viciously murdered, raped and destroyed another generation of people from Darfur.

The second Sudan civil war began where the first left off.  The South was resistant to any infringement on their autonomy in their region.  From 1985 through the nineties coups and rebellions resulted from the fragile situation in Sudan.  Fuel shortages, starvation and shortages of essential items led also to riots and violence.  Governments in Khartoum  were overthrown and each time the new administration differed in how to deal with the country's problems.  The biggest effect  on the South was each time they thought they were going to be given their autonomy back the next leadership threatened and attempted to mandate Sharia law harshly on the country including the South. In the mid-nineties all non-Muslim judges were removed in the South and replaced with Islamic Muslim judges.  This is the same period of time that Sudan's Islamic government supported Saddam Hussein in the first Iraq War.  Osama bin Laden was a guest of the Khartoum Government as well.  He assisted the Islamic State by improving Infrastructure through his construction company and in the end turned the companies over to the Sudan Government or to other Sudanese private sector to operate.  He built roads and other infrastructure to assist the Islamic government in their quest to rule the entire country under strict Sharia Law an ideology Bin Laden promotes.  Through out this time Bin Laden had been funneling money to Islamic extremist groups throughout the region and Africa in attempts to overthrow their current governments and  replacing them with Islamic and Sharia based systems as well as planning and conducting terrorist attacks around the globe.  I mention this because I want to express the level of Islamic Fundamentalism that the government itself supported in Khartoum during this period.  Terrorist camps that operate around the world were in Sudan as guests.  It  got to the point that US Cruise missiles targeted Sudan along with Afghanistan after the two US Embassies were bombed by the Bin Laden network in Africa.  The atrocities against the Southern non-Arab black population reached epic levels as close to 2 million non-Muslims have been killed since the original conflict began in 1956 and  nearly four million starving refugees have fled from the war.  Reports of nearly 200,000 Nubian Sudanese women and children have been enslaved in the North.  In 2005 a peace agreement was signed to end the violence, at least temporarily.    The terms were very good for the South if they can actually happen.  The terms provided that Oil revenues be shared equally between the North and South, the South will have autonomy for six years at which time a referendum for secession will be held.  Sharia law remaining in the South was to be voted on by an  elected assembly, along with a few other provisions. All parties signed the agreement.  In essence it provided the Khartoum leadership and their Janjaweed henchman six years behind partially closed doors to exterminate the South of the non-Arab population.